| Study Finds Union Jobs17% More Productive
 Union 
              construction jobs are almost 17 percent more productive on average 
              than nonunion projects, according to the second report in a three-year 
              study of 1,185 projects in the United States and Europe. The report 
              was given to the Construction Users Roundtable in Tucson, Arizona, 
              by Dean Findley of the firm Independent Project Analysis (IPA), 
              which has evaluated North American projects since 1992.
 In researching effective contractor contributions and team performance, 
              IPA found mixed union and nonunion jobs to be slightly less productive 
              than nonunion projects. Findley reports that 25 percent of construction 
              cost is field labor and labor is usually the largest non-material 
              cost on a project. He foresees construction labor shortages becoming more common as 
              the population ages in the developed countries and says that in 
              low-wage countries, poor labor productivity is the primary obstacle 
              to low-cost manufacturing facilities. 
 | IBEWCURRENTS 
             May 
              2003 IBEW Journal 
 |